The history and importance of swimming Research Proposal

The history and importance of swimming - Research Proposal Example Swimming evolution throughout time reflects a spirit of creative and significant renewal from the technical and sportive points of view. Everything changes in life so it is not unusual that swimming has undergone many changes along the passage of time. Nevertheless, these changes haven’t affected the benefits that anybody can experience with the practice of swimming. To have a clearer idea of those changes it is helpful to study the history of swimming.Swimming have been practiced since prehistoric times. There are accounts of this activity in the Bible (Isaiah 25:11; Ezekiel 47:5; Acts 25:42) and the Greek poems â€Å"The Iliad† and â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer. There have been found â€Å"Egyptian clay seals from 4000 BC showing four swimmers doing a version of the crawl (Weil, 1996-2008a). But â€Å"the most famous swimming drawings were apparently found in the Kebir desert† (Weil, 1996-2008a). They are dated around 4000 BC. These facts show that swimmi ng has been around since ancient times.Some archeological findings have discovered mosaics and drags from early Middle Easter cities and Pompeii that show men swimming with the dog stroke. Even though the ancient Olympic Games didn’t include swimming, â€Å"the Greeks practiced the sport, holding it in high regard, as they did all athletic endeavors. In fact, one of the most biting insults one Greek could unleash on another was to discuss him as a man who "neither knew how to run nor swim." Plato considered a man who didn't know how to swim uneducated. (†¦) ) There are frequent representations of swimmers in the Vatican, Borgian and Bourbon codices, and the murals of the Tepantitla House at Teotihuacan (near Mexico City) showed men splashing about the waters of "Tlalocan," paradise of Tlaloc, the god of water. () Both Julius Caesar and Charlemagne were known as great swimmers, and Louis XI frequently took swims in the Seine (USS Swim Fact Pact, n.d.). The Encyclopedia of Tradicional British Rural Sports contains books related to swimming from the Middle Ages. Some scholars believe that the first book about swimming was Colymbetes authored by Nicolas Wynman in 1538. The widely-recognized book entitled De Arte Nantandi by Everard Digby was published in Latin in 1587. That encyclopeidia records the fact that swimming was a requisite for knights and that Romans were used to building bathhouses and pools as they conquered new lands in order to use them as social clubs and exercise places (Weil, 1996-2008a). Moreover, organized swimming had its beginning in the 1800s and 1990s when swimming associations and clubs were founded. The Amateur Swimming Association was established in 1886. So these kinds of clubs spread in England, France, Germany, and the United States. Some North American Indians (Flying Gull and Tobacco) invited to participate in the Swimming Society in England had a strong impact on Londoners due to their innovative swimming technique. But their technique was not copied at that time. After 40 years the Europeans adopted it and revolutionized the world of swimming with the newly-born crawl. Indeed, the crawl was not new at all since the old inhabitants of the Ameritas, West Africa and some Pacific islands were used to swimming that way for generations (USS Swim Fact Pact, n.d.) Another cause for the growing popularity of swimming was the high-profile events that took place during that period such as the feat accomplished by Matthew Webb when he swam across the English Channel (Weil, 1996-2008). "On August 24, 1875, Captain Matthew Webb slipped into the water at Dover, England, and 21 hours and 45 minutes later touched land at Cape Gris Nez, France, becoming the first man to conquer the English Channel. Relying mainly on the breaststroke, he swam some 38 miles in covering a straightline distance of about 20 miles. It wasn't an uneventful trip. Along the way, Captain Webb sang, sipped coffee and beer, ate steaks, was stung by a jellyfish and had to fight his way through a nasty

OOO Et Al V. Commissioner of Metropolitan Police 2011 Essay

OOO Et Al V. Commissioner of Metropolitan Police 2011 - Essay Example The verdict was that the officers acting as agents of the defendant, had neglected the aspects of investigating on the issue of contention. The issue of contention involved the claims of human trafficking as well as the duties and the powers of the police. The issue involved the claim that the claimants had been exposed to degrading, inhuman treatment, besides being held under servitude and forced compliance. Following the suit, each of the claimants was awarded a cash retribution of 5,000 as non-pecuniary compensation (Benitez et al. 2010). Discussion The case in question was the first of its kind, to be heard in England and the South Whales, especially due to its scope. The case was questioning the scope of the duties and obligations of police officers, with regard to investigating reported instances of the violations of article 3 and 4 of the ECHR. The case involved the abuse faced by four Nigerian women, previously trafficked into the U.K, while still below the age of eighteen â €“ to be used for domestic servitude. The four women had brought a claim against the commissioner of police in charge of the Metropolis, demanding compensation – for the failure of carrying out investigations into the intelligence of the cases presented to the police years back, regarding the illegal trafficking and forced servitude at North London. The Metropolitan Police Unit consented of having received the reports of the breach of the human rights of the four women, as per the provisions of article 3 and 4 of the ECHR. However, the Metropolitan Police disputed the fact that the officers had breached the rights of the claimants, as a result of their failure to investigate the authenticity of the claims of the four women. However, there was no question regarding whether the duty to investigate was demanded under articles 3 and 4 of the ECHR, but, whether the failure to investigate constituted the breach of the duty (Williams & U.N. General Assembly 1981). In deciding th e breach to act on the cases of the women, Mr. Williams evaluated in details – the evidence provided and the background information offered by the four women and other present witnesses. These witnesses included the police unit, and all the police officers engaged in the reporting of the matter or involved in evaluating the cases of the four women at some point in time. One of the claimants had also challenged the Metropolitan Police Service to offer her retribution damages amounting to ?25,000, to which they consented. The MPS also expressed regret to her, over their failure to offer the basic standards in examining the circumstances surrounding her plight, which she had reported at the Southgate police station in 2004. Mr. William also considered the conditions surrounding the cases of the three other Nigerian women – who were not party to the ?25,000 case – claiming that they had undergone similar human rights abuse, and had reported the issues to the police. The police had done nothing about their cases (Ovey &White 2006). In the same case, in November 2008 – the four claimants had ordered their solicitor to address the MPS, requiring them to carry out criminal investigations into the case, against the people involved in the abuse of the claimants. In December 2008, the MPS consented to the responsibility of undertaking the investigation into the issues surrounding the human rights abuse of the four. According to the case, it was confirmed that

Introduction To Marketing Mix Marketing Essay

Introduction To Marketing Mix Marketing Essay Marketing Mix is one of the most fundamental concepts in marketing management. For gaining clients and for revenue promotion, every business owner has to concentrate on four primary and three prolonged elements/components. The primary components of selling mix include product, pricing, distributive programs (place) and revenue promotion techniques while the prolonged components are actual proof, individuals and procedure. A fair combination of these marketing components is called Marketing Mix. Product A product is products that meets what a customer needs or wants. It may be a concrete excellent or an intangible assistance. Intangible products are service-based like the travel and leisure industry, the hotel industry and loan agencies. Tangible products are those that have actual existence. If your product is really excellent and benefits your clients, theyll spread the very excellent news. Theyll tell their friends and family. Theyll be very excited to share your brand and name with others causing you to have an excellent windfall of cash and plenty of company. Price Price is the money that must be paid by the customer to obtain products or solutions. The cost of a product must be relevant to the product/service and to the industry. Of all the aspects of the marketing mix, cost is the one, which creates revenue all the others are costs. The cost of products is clearly an important determinant of the value of revenue made. In theory, cost is really determined by the discovery of what clients perceive is the value of the product on sale. Place Physical submission (place) is the delivery of goods at the right time and at the right position to clients. Physical submission of product is possible through programs of submission which are many and varied in character. A marketing manager has to select a channel which is convenient, economical and suitable for the submission of the result. Promotion Promotion is an action to introduce products or solutions on the target audience, to build customer views about manufacturer or solutions offered. Marketing consists of components such as: advertising, advertising, personal selling and revenue promotion. Process Process is a series of actions that are necessary to offer products or solutions with the best solutions to the customer. A procedure can contain about the method or procedure that is put in position to acquire the needed customer product. Service of procedure is quick, easy and friendly giving more value to clients of a product. People People are all the individuals involved in the action of producing products and offer product solutions to clients. Those who produce and industry a product also has an assessment in the eyes of clients. Physical evidence Physical proof is the product a system that is needed to back up the appearance of a product, so display directly the quality of products or solutions provided to clients. From the discussion of the importance of selling mix in a company, it can be concluded that the seven existing factors in the marketing mix are connected, so there should be excellent synchronizations among these components to achieve marketing objectives in terms of volume of revenue and customer service. References: 1. Needham, Dave (1996). Business for Higher Awards. Oxford, England: Heinemann. 2. E. Jerome McCarthy (1975)Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach, fifth edition, Richard D. Irwin, Inc., p.37 3. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Brown, L., and Adam, S. (2006) Marketing, 7th Ed. Pearson Education Australia/Prentice Hall. 4. Kurtz, Dave. (2010). Contemporary Marketing Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. 5. McCarthy, Michael (2002, December 2, updated 2002, December 3 If I would be Joe then I would apply the 7 Ps marketing mix to the corner store in the following way: Product Your product marketing choices will differ based on the type of retail store shop you run and your potential viewers. The factors that impact the understanding of quality include product packaging style, service strategy options, assurance, materials and shades. If you are marketing your shop and products to a high-end audience, for example, you might select an stylish, simple style and cool colors; for a family-friendly shop, you might trim more toward shiny, strong shades and large print styles. Joe did not focus on the products and the needs of the clients. Price Price is an integral aspect of a retail store marketing mix; if your clients cannot afford your products, they are unlikely to regular your shop. Most of the products in your shop should be in a comfortable variety for your potential viewers base; to get this information, you will need to execute an viewers research to get an idea of average income and spending power. To make a feeling of desire and to give an option for a spend, you can also offer some products that are priced just out of your focus on clients normal cost variety. Joe billed more prices for its products which redirected the clients to the next best alternative. Place In retail store, the style of your shop and the way you present your products is an integral aspect of the marketing mix. The show should fit your picture so that clients experience a natural experience. In a high-end store, products are often placed father apart to make a feeling of lack and exclusivity; in a computer shop, show designs are set at hips size to allow examining. Positioning can help bring certain products to interest and enhance products you want to offer more of. Joe did not pay manual intervention to the preparations and show of shop products. The position of shop was also not great position for clients and for vehicle parking of clients. Promotion Promotion is the most identifiable aspect of the marketing mix. It includes all of the marketing actions you do to let your clients know about the products you offer. For a retail store shop, you might enhance in magazines and on the air stations, start a social advertising strategy, use marketing e-mails, hand out leaflets or strategy grand-opening events. Your marketing strategies should be targeted to your consumer platform. Choose guides that they read, programs they pay attention to or watch, and duplicate or graphics that will speak out loud with them. Joes starting was very silent. He did not allow individuals to know what he is going to offer. He did not perform any marketing activity. Physical Layout The structure of your shop shows should be given consideration. The goal is to make an environment in which your product normally originates and shows itself to your clients. But how is this achieved, and how do we make a shop shopper friendly? Joes shop structure was not consumer helpful. Process The procedures in your shop are actions that you execute in your shop for offering client value. Joe did not know about procedures like supply sequence or stock management etc. People Customers are likely to be devoted to companies that serve them well. In your shop cure every individual very well whether he is client, provider, or any individual who visit your shop. Joes treatment with his instructor was excellent but he did not act upon the tips of his instructors. References: McCarthy, J. (1975), Basic Marketing: a managerial approach, Homewood, IL Baker, M. (2000) Marketing Management and Strategy, 3rd edition, Macmillan Business. Chisnall, P.M. (1997) Marketing Research, Fifth Edition, London: McGraw-Hill Blythe, J. (2001) Essentials of Marketing, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Saunders, J. and Wong, V. (1999) Principles of Marketing, 2nd Edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Lauterborn, R.(1990), New marketing litany:4Ps passe; 4Cs take over, Advertising Age, Oct. 1:26 Joe could have used the following models to enable him to obtain information prior to opening the store. Observation Joe could observe how customers act. It provides many ideas, but can leave questions un answered. Statement works well in retail markets; sit outside a shop and observe how many individuals walk by, look at the window display etc. Postal surveys Joe could deliver to the address of prospective clients who complete the form and deliver returning in a pre-paid package. Relatively cheap, a mailing study can cover a wide regional place and prevents the prospective for interview panel member prejudice. However, reaction rates (the percentage of individuals delivering returning a completed survey) are often very low and it can take be a while before enough on the internet testimonials are came back. Telephone interviews Not to be puzzled with telesales (which is a technique of selling), the phone interview allow faster reviews than a mailing study. However, prospective clients are often careful of being called and may be hesitant to give anything other than short answers Online surveys It is popular and relatively low cost technique. Internet on the internet testimonials are widely used by little companies as a way of catching the opinions of average person about the item, price etc. Face-to-face surveys Joe could visit different individuals and could perform personal meetings face-to-face. It is a costly, but excellent way to get specific ideas from an individual Focus groups Groups of prospective clients are brought together to talk about their feelings about a item or industry. Concentrate categories are a excellent way of getting information about client preferences and choices. Test marketing This includes promoting a new item in a little area of the industry to be able to evaluate client reaction. For example, a start-up could begin by promoting to a limited community to be able to iron-out item issues.   References: Kotler, P., (1988) Marketing Management: Analysis Planning and Control, Prentice-Hall p. 102. Agnilar, F.. (1967) Scanning The Business Environment, Macmillan, New York, p.47. McQuarrie, Edward F., The Market Research Toolbox : A Concise Guide for Beginners. Assael, H., Reed, P. and Patton, M. (1995) Marketing: Principles and Strategy Harcourt-Brace, Sydney. Joe could have used the following models to learn, respond or take actions against. These are the indicates of decoding information in order to give route to choice. These designs may be automated or may not. Common resources are: Time sequence sales modes Product changing models Straight line programming Flexibility designs (price, earnings, need, provide, etc.) Regression and connection models Research of Difference (ANOVA) models Understanding analysis Reduced cash flow Worksheet what if models These and identical mathematical, mathematical, econometric and financial designs are the systematic subsystem of the MIS. A relatively moderate financial commitment in a pc is enough to allow a business to improve case study of its information. Some of the designs used are stochastic, i.e. those containing a probabilistic factor whereas others are deterministic designs where opportunity performs no part. Product changing designs are stochastic since these show brand options in possibilities whereas linear development is deterministic in that the connections between factors are indicated in actual mathematical conditions. References: 1. Kotler, P., (1988) Marketing Management: Analysis Planning and Control, Prentice-Hall p. 102. 2. Agnilar, F.. (1967) Scanning The Business Environment, Macmillan, New York, p.47. 3. McQuarrie, Edward F., The Market Research Toolbox : A Concise Guide for Beginners. 4. Assael, H., Reed, P. and Patton, M. (1995) Marketing: Principles and Strategy Harcourt-Brace, Sydney. 5. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Brown, L., Chandler, S. A. (1998), Marketing, (4th edn), Prentice Hall, Sydney. The primary market research that I have undertaken prior to opening a retail store like Joes is discussed below. Main promotion analysis is gathered for initially. It is original and gathered for a particular purpose like starting a new business or to fix a particular problem. It is expensive, and difficult, but is more targeted than additional analysis. There are many ways to perform primary analysis. We consider some of them: Interviews Secret shopping Concentrate groups Projective techniques Item tests Diaries Interviews Interviews are performed between a market specialist and a participant. Information is gathered on a study. Some surveys are very firm or structured and use shut questions. Information is easily compared. Mystery Shopping Companies set up mystery purchasing strategies on an companies part. Often used in financial, offering, travel, bars and dining places, and many other client targeted companies, mystery customers will enter, appearing as real clients. They collect data on client support and the client experience. Focus Groups Focus categories are made up from a variety of selected participants based together in the same room. Extremely experienced scientists work with the attention group to collect detailed qualitative reviews. Projective techniques Projective methods are obtained from the field of mindset. They will generate highly very subjective qualitative data. Product tests Product assessments are often completed as part of the test promotion process. Products are shown in a shopping mall of purchasing shopping mall. Potential clients are requested to visit the store and their purchase actions are noticed. Experts will consider how the item is managed, how the packaging is read, how a while the consumer usually spends with the item, and so on. Diaries Diaries are used by a variety of specially enrolled customers. They are requested to complete a journal that details and records their purchasing actions of an occasion period (weeks, months, or years). References: Chisnall, P.M. (1997) Marketing Research, Fifth Edition, London: McGraw-Hill McQuarrie, Edward F., The Market Research Toolbox : A Concise Guide for Beginners. McMartin, J. (1995) Personality Psychology: A student Centered Approach, UK: Sage Publications The secondary market research that I have undertaken prior to opening a retail store like Joes is discussed below. Additional promotion analysis already prevails in one type or another. It is relatively inexpensive, and can be performed quite easily .However, it tends to have been gathered for factors other than for the issue or purpose at side. So it may be untargeted, and challenging to use to create evaluations. There are a variety of such resources available to the expert, and the following record is under no circumstances conclusive: Trade companies National and regional media Market publications National/international government authorities Websites Informal connections Trade internet directories Published organization accounts Business libraries Professional institutions and organizations Omnibus surveys Previously gathered promotion research Census data Public records For an established retail business, research should not just be about surveying your current customers or when conducting standard customer service research. Face-to-face surveys After starting a new retail store business experience to deal with study is a excellent research tool to get proper reviews about a item from a client. Postal surveys Questionnaire types can also be sent the mailing details of prospective clients in pre-paid covers. They can complete and send returning these types to the senders address returning. Focus groups Groups of prospective clients are brought together to talk about their feelings about a item or market. Concentrate categories are a excellent way of getting information about client preferences and choices. References: 1. Kotler, P., (1988) Marketing Management: Analysis Planning and Control, Prentice-Hall p. 102. 2. Agnilar, F.. (1967) Scanning The Business Environment, Macmillan, New York, p.47. 3. McQuarrie, Edward F., The Market Research Toolbox : A Concise Guide for Beginners. 4. Assael, H., Reed, P. and Patton, M. (1995) Marketing: Principles and Strategy Harcourt-Brace, Sydney. 5. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Brown, L., Chandler, S. A. (1998), Marketing, (4th edn), Prentice Hall, Sydney. Marketing Orientation A product can be designed depending on either a promotion focused strategy or a product focused strategy. Marketing Orientated Approach A promotion focused strategy indicates a company responds to what clients want. The choices taken are centered on details about consumers needs and wants, rather than what the company believes is right for the client. Most effective companies take a market-orientated strategy. Product Orientated Approach A product focused strategy indicates the company produces products depending on what it is good at making or doing, rather than what a client wants. This strategy is usually criticised because it often results in failed products particularly in well-established marketplaces. Most marketplaces are going towards a more market-orientated strategy because clients have become more experienced and need more wide range and better top quality. To contend, companies need to be more delicate to their consumers needs otherwise they will reduce revenue to their competitors. Joes approach was also product oriented. He did not consider the needs of customers. That caused the failure of Joes corner store.

Eveline Analysis

Ashley Carey ENC 1102 MW 12:30- 1:45 8/29/12 After reading â€Å"Eveline† by James Joyce I would say I was not overall shocked with the outcome of her not leaving. Throughout the story I could tell that Eveline was unsure of herself and of what she wanted. She couldn’t decide between running away to Buenos Aires with her lover, Frank or staying to make sure her family is looked after. I felt that her age is a significant factor of her choice of staying in Dublin.She didn’t understand herself enough because she didn’t experience life to see how she deals with difficult life changing situations. I felt like her choice shows herself to the audience. She could have chosen to go with Frank and come off to some readers as â€Å"following her heart†, maybe â€Å"selfish†, â€Å"thinking about her future and what she desires in life and in her heart†, â€Å"not caring for her family†.I personally feel like her decision to stay was a mor e â€Å"comfortable† decision for her and she wasn’t taking risks and was thinking about the love for her family and siblings and not wanting them to get hurt in anyway. If her mother hadn’t told her before she died to keep the home together as long as she could, I felt that Eveline would have ran away with Frank not feeling guilty when she left; That she didn’t do the one thing that her mother asked of her before her death.

Moral And Religious Education Help Fight Corruption With A...

In this paper I will be addressing the research question, ‘to what extend does moral and religious education help fight corruption with in a sovereign country.’ In the reading by Augusto Là ³pez Claros, a Director at the World Bank Group, he stated that the corruption can be combatted with religious and moral education and by eliminating opportunities by doing away with rules that can encourage corrupt behavior. In other words, to be successful in fighting corruption within a sovereign country, the country needs to make deep cultural and structural changes. But is there any proof that shows that an increase in moral and religious education and creating a more religious culture will actually fight corruption? Mr. Là ³pez Claros has control over†¦show more content†¦Within this report, we will be mainly identifying political and grand corruption. However, the participant observations are about petty corruption. Masculinity: The masculinity side of culture represents a preference in achievement, heroism, and material rewards as success. This is the opposite of femininity, which represents a preference for cooperation, caring for the weak, and quality of life. Power Distance: The power distance represents how the culture handles inequalities between people. Higher power distance, the more the culture prefers and accepts a hierarchical order. Individualism: The individualism dimension of a culture is where individuals are expected to take care of only themselves and their immediate families. The opposite is collectivism, where an individual is loyal to a particular in-group. Iceland Background The first case study is about Iceland. Iceland, according to the Corruption Perceptions Index of 2015 conducted by Transparency intentional, is ranked 13th out of 168 countries on corruption perception. Iceland is a proactive country when it comes to fighting corruption. 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The Statement Of Financial Statements - 3386 Words

FIN 48 Summary At the beginning of November in 2007, the Statement of Financial Statements (SFAS) board decided to postpone the enactment of FIN 48 financial reporting and accounting and income taxes until later that year on December 15, 2007. The purpose of FIN 48 is to force public companies to analyze company’s tax positions and evaluate the probability that their tax position will require them to be audited and if they are audited will their records be sufficient and accurate. If an organization finds that their tax position is likely to not be sustained a liability is created and the tax benefit of their position decreases. Some tax positions that organizations should think about include the choice not to file a return in a certain location, a shift of revenue between tax jurisdictions, the characterization of revenue or a choice to not include reporting taxable income in tax documents. 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Latin American Religions Essay examples - 624 Words

Latin American Religions University of Phoenix November 12, 2012 What are some major attributes of Latin American Catholicism? Identify and describe at least two distinctions and include how they are distinct from Catholicism elsewhere. The Central American War had changed the priorities of the Catholic Church in Latin America. In the 1980’s, the clergy’s had decided to go against the Catholic Church mainly the Vatican despite the various threats, and began to help the poor which were struggling for their equality and their rights. The Catholic activism was in support of the change; however, it did influence guerilla movements in certain parts of Latin America such as Nicaragua, Salvador, Guatemala. This had introduced moral and†¦show more content†¦Once others start to deviate from Catholicism then it begins to start a new religion and moves away from the beliefs of the Catholicism. Only the Vatican may assess and make changes within the Catholic Religions. How have churches fostered or hindered social changes in Latin America? After the civil war, Latin Americans had turned to other religions. For over 500 years, many Latin Americans were considered loyal to the Catholic religions. However, it quickly turned to be a stronghold to Protestants. In the Liberation area other religions had developed such as Evangelical and Pentecostal. These religions are very different from the Catholicism. These religions speak in tongue, rely on baptism, accept the Holy Spirit, and emotional rituals. With these new religions developing the social changes in Latin America does provide a much broader outlook on their beliefs. There are various groups or community gatherings within the particular religion. Each religion unites and brings together their faith and social aspects within their own community. How has Protestantism spread in Latin America in the past? Is it different than the factors that are promoting the current growth in Protestantism in this region? How and why? The Protestantism had spread in Latin America in the past due to the fact of various discrepancies within the Catholic Religion. For instance, in 1980’s, the Guatemalan’s had begun to change their beliefs and lean more to theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Religion On Latin American Politics2024 Words   |  9 PagesHistorically, religion and politics have always played a very significant part in our everyday lives, dating back to the ancient pharaohs of Africa to our modern day society, the relationship between religion and politics can be traced through centuries of human history in various civilizations. Both religion and politics prescribe, legislate, and enforce codes of behavior, promote collective action, and create group identification. 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